Unraveling unsolved mysteries in chemistry does not solely mean new discoveries in a scientific perspective; it may also bring about critical technological advancement which could potentially change the world. This is especially true for fundamental studies of electrochemical energy storage/conversion processes and relevant developments of energy storage/conversion materials.

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Driven by such a motivation, we aim to use a combination of thorough electrochemical analyses and advanced spectroscopic techniques to solve the mechanism of energy storage or energy conversion.  On one side, the obtained knowledge will offer insight and guidance for systematic rational materials development that aims for better performance. On the other side, once a better performing material is obtained, similar mechanism interrogation will be applied to the better performing material. This process will offer feedback and assessment for fundamental study. The protocol will be performed in an iterative fashion, which will finally offer the answer of the mechanisms an optimized material at the same time.